How To Make A Cup Of Tea Essay

Currently, drinking a tea is a habit. You can find everyone drinking a tea in their daily activities. The reason why everyone like drinking a tea is because tea can makes us relax and also the taste is good. You can also find the seller of a tea cup in any place such as in mall, canteen , supermarket or even now you also can find that there are many outlets which is just only sell a cup of tea. They sell many kinds of tea such as original tea, lemon tea, milk tea, fruit tea, chocolate tea and other varieties. But you can also make it by yourself in your kitchen. I will explain how to make a cup of tea in general. There are several steps that you have to do to make a cup of tea. This is the three steps that you need. First, choose dried-tea leaves as good quality tea. Second, prepare the ingredients and tools. Last, how to make tea. For the first step to make a good tea, you need to buy a tea with good quality. Many kind of tea that you can find in market like tea powder, teabag, and tea dried-tea leaves. You can choose tea powder for simple way, but it is not too delicious because of chemical substance on it. Tea bag also the choice if you dont want to wait too long for make a cup of tea. But tea bag also not too good because the bag has’nt good quality and contains of chemical substance on it. The only good choice is dried-tea leaves because it more fresh and natural. Not only that, dried-tea leaves also have a good smell. Second steps after you chose the good quality of tea, you must prepare the ingredients and also the tools. The ingredients you need is like sugar. The sugar that you use here is granulated sugar not refined sugar. Another one is water ( boiled water). So you must boil water for the first. After the ingredients done you need some tools too such as kettle and stove to boil the water, if you dont have kettle, you also can use pot which is important to boil water. The last is how to make a cup of tea itself. Firstly you have to rehate bolied water in kettle about 3-5 minutes. After that pour the lukewarm water into the teapot. If already done, the other step is you have to add the dried-tea leaves into the teapot. Don’t add too much dried-tea leaves because the tea will too thick to drink. Wait about 3 minutes until the tea becomes a dark colour. Then strain the tea into a cup so that dried-tea leaves can be filtered. Don’t forget to add sugar according to your taste. And the tea ready to serve. You also can add milk or fruit syrup into your tea according your favourite flavour. Making a tea is not too difficult and you don’t have to buy instant tea in supermarket or mall if there is still time to make it. You just need tea, sugar, water, kettle, teapot, cup to make a cup of tea. You can also add milk or fruit syrup according your favourite flavour. With drinking a cup of tea can relax our body and can refresh our mind because of it smells.

Reading Response : Abortion in India Essay

Rushdie, Salman. â€Å"Abortion in India†. Essays. 2nd Edition. Kelly, Joseph. New York; Norton, 2008. 279-282. Print. The articles topic is about the tragedy of abortion of female fetuses in modern day India. I believe the author is trying to say that unnecessary abortions are a type of genocide and a true tragedy. Proving points on both sides saysing that having female abortions could actually be beneficial in that it would decrease overpopulation. He then argued against this belief by stating that in one generation’s time there would be a girl shortage which could cause many problems, including increasing the sexism of Indian society and denying India of all of the wonderful things that women have to offer. The most interesting part of this essay was where Rushdie states that, â€Å"†¦Fundamentally it’s the result of modern technology being placed at the service of medieval social attitudes†. I found this to be a very insightful line and thought it summed up the problem in an interesting and thoughtful way. Although Rushdie is pro-choice, it does not mean he supports women having an abortion simply beacuse they dont want to have a daughter. What should be done when a women uses her power over her own body to discriminate againt female fetuses? Although he respects a womans right to chose, he also strongly believes that this practice is both immoral and unethical. I did not find any sections of this essay to be confusing or problematic. 1)Voluable- Speaking or spoken incessantly and fluently 2)Flamboyant- Tending to attract attention because of their exuberance, confidence, and stylishness. 3)Myraid- A countless or extremely great number 4)Anathematized- To proclaim an anathema on: curse

Assess Albert Speer’s contribution to the Nazi war effort Essay

Albert Speer’s contribution to the Nazi war effort started well before the declaration of war. His work for the Nazi regime aided Adolf Hitler in lifting the morale of the German people and consolidating Nazi power which was determined to engage in armed conflict. Speer was an accomplished architect and a highly efficient organiser. Hitler addressed Berlin’s university students at a Berlin rally in 1931, and Speer who was in the audience was so overwhelmed by what he heard that he joined the Nazi party and committed himself to his work. By 1932 he was working independently as an architect and used his party contacts to gain him more work. In 1933, Goebbels asked Speer to renovate the Propaganda Ministry. His next project proved to be even more successful planning and organising massive banners, swastikas and searchlights for the celebration of the Day of National Labour on the Tempelhof Field in Berlin on May 1st 1933. Goebbels was so impressed that he commissioned Speer to design the surround of the Nuremberg Rally later that year. Soon he was renovating Nazi Party offices and through his hard work and enthusiasm he mad a name for himself amongst the Nazi leadership. With the death of Hitler’s architect Troost, Hitler co-opted Speer as his personal architectural advisor. They became personal friends and Speer moved his family to be near Hitler’s mountain lodge. Speer was commissioned to rebuild the Nuremberg Party Rally grounds and due to his success in propaganda architecture Hitler appointed him in 1938 as General Building Inspector for the National Capital. Speer placed his department at the disposal of the Wehrmacht. Among his innovations were quick-reaction squads who construct roads and cleared away debris. Before long, these units would be used to clear bomb sites. As the war progressed, he failed to convince Hitler of the need to suspend peacetime construction projects, so he continued to work on the Berlin and Nuremburg plans. Speer also oversaw the construction of buildings for the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe, and developed a considerable organization to deal with this work. Speer continued with his duties designing and constructing for the Reich up until 1942. In this period, his ideas and plans were used by Hitler to show the German population how great the nation could be. That year he was appointed Reich Minister for Armaments & Munitions as a reward for his faithful and unswerving loyalty to Nazi Party and Hitler. Hitler also believed that due to his close relationship to Speer and Speer’s loyalty, he could control arm’s production. Speer’s effect was immediate. In the first six months, he increased production of guns by 27%, tanks by 25% and ammunition by 97%. By the end of 1944, production had increased by 300%. This included a rise in the construction of aircraft from 9500 in 1941, to 34300 by 1944. All this was done with only a 30% increase in the workforce. Speer convinced Hitler that many workers should be diverted from producing consumer items for armaments production. He also used foreign workers and prisoners to work as forced labour. When German war production was at its peak in late September 1944, there were over seven million foreign labourers and 400,000 prisoners of war working as slave labourers. This was approximately 20% of the total workforce. Speer was so efficient with his duties, that many historians credit him with prolonging the war for a further twelve months. Speer was a great believer in the V1 & V2 Rocket programs to swing the tide of the war in Germany’s favour. He claimed that the inability of senior Nazi figures to fully comprehend rocket technology led to a delay in overcoming initial problems with the V2. He believed that the V2 would have been operational far sooner if the project had received greater backing. General Eisenhower claimed after the war that if the V Weapon program had been in place in earl 1944, the D-Day landing may have been impossible. In early 1944, Speer was admitted to a clinic as a result of health problems. During the period of his recovery, he had time to reflect and in doing so, realised his growing disenchantment with Hitler and the Nazi regime. In November 1944 in a private conversation with Joseph Goebbels he indicated his belief that a German victory was not possible. The war was going so poorly for Germany that even Speer’s talent and efficiency drives were unable to reverse the oncoming defeat. By the middle of the year, he had disobeyed Hitler’s orders to put a halt of producing aircraft and boost anti-aircraft production. He also refused to engage in Hitler’s ‘Scorched Earth’ policy which meant that all infrastructure, power supplies, records & documents and food be destroyed before it could fall into the hands of the advancing Allied forces. He did this because he had realised that such an action would devastate any possible chance of recovery for the German people after the war had been lost. It is evident that Albert Speer had an overwhelming effect on the Nazi war effort. His ability to organise and plan projects from architecture, which would lift the peoples morale, to the production of arms which enabled the German armed forces to continue the fight against the allies for so long. Without a person of his ability, the German war machine and the Nazi government would have fallen far earlier.

The Natural History Museum in London from 19th Century to Modernity Essay - 1

The Natural History Museum in London from 19th Century to Modernity - Essay Example Alfred Waterhouse changed the design from Renaissance to German Romanesque, which came to be known as the Waterhouse building up to today. This is an analytical survey at the museum’s space in relation to its interior, creator and the 19Th century society. The space inside the museum is extensive with beautifully decorated ceiling panels displaying pictures of plants from all over the world. The museum has extensive halls that house different departments within the museum. The entrance to the museum is located between two towers representing the Victorian style of architecture. There are rounded arches, made of bricks, and layered with terracotta. This design was inspired by the basalt columns at Fingals cave in western Scotland. Inside the entrance, there is a large hall with a grand staircase that leads up to the second floor that houses the galleries. Albert Waterhouse’s artistic mind made him leave the bare iron and glass exposed to express the beauty of the building materials. The outer design comprising of terracotta was both for aesthetic purpose and practical reasons (Anderson, 2004 p5). The blue colour, of the terracotta designed in relief, portrays different plants and animals as well as offering protection from the c haracteristic Victorian acidic smog. The halls in the museum are high ceilinged creating a comfortable ambience for visitors. High above the halls, there is an exhibition of sorts in the form of panels that depict various species of plants from around the world. The painted panels, on the ceiling, are in dark shades, which make the ceiling appear lower than it is. This makes a person feel intimate with the room; the vast spaces do not overwhelm people. The lighting in the museum is cleverly done so as not cause reflective glares when viewing the exhibits. The light emanates from hidden lighting sources on the walls and panels for effect and for protecting the exhibits from

A Debate that is related to Microeconomics Essay

A Debate that is related to Microeconomics - Essay Example It is important for economies to determine whether such ventures as minimizing IT will mean reduced operational costs and increased profits (which forms the core aim of all businesses) (Hubbard and Anthony, 377). Those who see IT as obsolete and replaceable say that the fact that almost all companies have embraced IT has removed the competitive edge it offers as a result of this ubiquity and is no longer important. IT, according to them, is therefore no longer a tool that a business can use as a tool for competition in the markets to advance itself above the rest. They therefore see it fit that companies that are wise and that have studied the times begin to swiftly reduce their spending on IT and focus on other ideas and innovations that can lead to originality and therefore serve as strength of a particular business against all the other market competitors. IT to them has simply become too old and basic and therefore expendable (Gravelle and Ray, 312). On the other hand, there are equally those who have vehemently argued against such claims of IT obsolescence. They state that IT comes with a plethora of benefits both to the consumer and the business itself. According to these proponents of IT, IT is irreplaceable in linking businesses and its consumers through the click of a button, a phone call or even email just to mention a few, while also offering a relatively easy source of information on the market trends, needs and preferences. It enables a company improve on service delivery and gain competitive advantage over others if superiorly utilized. IT also enables fast and efficient money transactions that are vital in the smooth running of any business set up, failure to which many businesses have crumbled prematurely (Hubbard and Anthony, 411). In my opinion therefore, IT remains important in businesses as it saves time and offers an

Active Volcanoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Active Volcanoes - Essay Example Mount Merapi literally means â€Å"Fire Mountain† in Indonesia and is an active stratovolcano located on the border between central Java and Yogjakarta. On the other hand, Laki is a legendary Icelandic volcano, which has lain dormant since its huge eruption in 1783. Satellite technology now makes it possible to monitor volcanic activity in even the most isolated corners of the globe and to routinely observe changes in the Earth’s surface that may signal an impending eruption. This help identifies those volcanoes presenting the greatest danger. The MODIS Thermal Alert System, also known as MODVOLC, now enables scientists to detect volcanic activity anywhere in the world within hours of its occurrence. Using MODVOLC, volcanologists have seen many active volcanoes that previously went undetected. Aside from serious disasters posed to humans and property, active volcanoes also produce serious environmental effects. The commonly-known threat a volcano can present is the flow of super-heated rock known as lava. This lava causes fires and will destroy everything in its path. In addition, a tsunami can develop and damage shorelines. Furthermore, active volcanoes have an intense impact on the stratosphere, the second layer of the atmosphere. Gases released from the eruption convert sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid, which condenses in the stratosphere. This greenhouse gas traps heat in the atmosphere. Volcanoes produce sulfate aerosols, which affect the surface temperature of the earth. A volcanic eruption promotes chemical reactions that alter chlorine and nitrogen which destroys the ozone layer. Moreover, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are released by volcanic activity and dissolved in water droplets in steam clouds.

Human Resource Organizational Development in a Company Research Paper

Human Resource Organizational Development in a Company - Research Paper Example olo Machiavelli once said that â€Å"There is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things† (Hitt, 1988, p. 20). This paper therefore is a discussion of the essential elements in implementing organizational change, the role of the human resource during change, and a brief on the factors that brings change. Organizational development (OD) is about a long-term change that involves either the entire system or a sub-system of an organization towards more productivity. It necessitates dealing with culture and learning and of change agents internally and externally. The OD is a â€Å"change management strategy† known to be based on behavioral sciences that looks into the purposes and roles of the people and the organization for a better efficiency and productivity using â€Å"human and social processes† (Wamwangi, 2003, p.2). The OD practice develops â€Å"continuing capacity for learning and deepening understanding through practice† (Polotan-dela Cruz, 2008, p.4) Since 1950s, three change models have been known and applied by OD professionals in accordance to the development goal of the institution. One of the famous is Kurt Lewin’s change management model which concentrates on three developmental stages: unfreeze, change, and freeze. The unfreezing stage happens during organizational diagnosis when data shows discrepancies of organizational behavior or output desired versus what is currently exhibited (Cummings and Worley, 1993, p.53). Change stage is the process of introducing and developing the desired behavior while the freezing stage is the establishment of mechanisms like policies and new organizational structures to sustain the attained changes on behavior and attitudes. The other famous change model is the planning model by Lippitt, Watson, and Westley which approach is on the viewpoint of the external OD agent. This model with seven stages that includes scouting, entry,

Effective Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective Leadership - Essay Example Effective leadership is highly important in an organizational setting. A leader of an organization plays a significant role in the success of an organization. There have been prominent examples in the past in relation to the success of organizations merely due to effective leadership of those organizations (Lussier, 2009). Leadership is different from the management of an organization. The management of an organization directs the workforce of the organization without involving the employees in the decision making. The management merely directs the employees and it does not take into account the will or commitment of the employees to complete the task. A manager only wants a specified task done in accordance with the specific set of directions given by the manager within a rigid deadline. This can be frustrating for the employees and it may affect their efficiency. Thus, due to the lack of efficiency in the employees, the organization as a whole may lag behind and there may be lack o f motivation among the human resource of the organization. On the other hand, a leader does not impose any duties to his staff or his subordinates. Unlike a manager, a leader involves his subordinates in the decision making processes and exceeds his expectations towards them in order to acquire feedback from his subordinates. In this manner, the subordinates not only get motivated to perform the task more effectively and efficiently but they also perform their valuable opinions in the decision making process. It is one of the basic traits of effective leadership that the leader makes all the decisions collectively. Due to the involvement by the subordinate staff, there are a number of different options that come up, thus the leader is provided with a number of options so that he may choose the best option. Thus, in an organization with an effective leadership, there is high level of motivation among the subordinate staff and this high motivation results in the increase in the overal l efficiency of the operations of the organization (Armstrong, 2006). A leader may involve the subordinate staff in a number of ways. Different manners of involvement of the employees by the leader work for different organizations. In some organizations, a leader might present his own opinion and try to sell it to the subordinate staff by presenting the arguments in favor of his opinion. He may also seek feedback from the subordinates in order to ensure that they have been convinced by his opinion and they accept it completely. In another case, the leader might ask for the opinions of the subordinates along with their supporting arguments and he may choose the option after taking feedback from the subordinates and the option that he seems as best. A leader might also provide his opinion and ask the subordinates for any feasible modifications in the leader’s plan. Therefore, it can be said that a leader plays a highly important role in an organization for the efficiency and su ccess of the organization. An effective leader is also very convincing among the employees of an organization therefore it is in the hands of the leader to drive the organization on its way to success. In case of a change in the organization, an effective leade

History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

History paper - Essay Example On the other hand, Bulgarians acted in a manner preserving the lives of the Jews. They persecuted, tortured and harassed the Jews living in Bulgaria, but they never killed them. There are various testimonies recorded that portray the brutality of the Polish community. On 5th April 1945, Wasersztajn recorded a testimony before the Jewish History Commission reporting on the war against the Jews living in Jedwabne (Zimmermann 70). According to Wesersztajn, about 1,600 Jew lived in Jedwabne before the war. After the war, only about seven Jews survived because they were saved by a Polish woman who resided in the vicinity. According to Wesersztajn, the Germans entered Jedwabne on the 23rd June, 1941. Two days later, local bandits, composed of Polish population started an anti-Jew pogrom. The following day, the local priest requested the Polish population to stop the pogrom as the German fight against the Jews was not for the Polish population. Although this stopped the pogrom, the local Po les did not sell foodstuffs to the Jews. On 10th July 1941, the Germans issued an order for the destruction of the Jews (Zimmermann 71). However, although the Germans gave the order, the Polish hooligans carried out this order using horrifying methods. On the same day, a meeting was held to deliberate on how the Jews would be murdered. With the support of the mayor Karolak, they decided to destroy all the Jews in Jadwabne. According to other witnesses, the war begun on the 10th of July, following the convocation of the adult Polish males in Jedwabne town hall. Mayor Karolak and Sabuta ordered the Jews along with the Poles to gather at the town hall for some cleaning duty (Zimmermann 73). Although she did not gather with the other Jews at the town hall, she had screams of a young boy who was beaten to death. The Poles gathered with clubs, knifes and other tools of war while Jewish took brooms and other tools used for cleaning. In addition, the Polish vigilant groups ensured that the Jews were not able to escape from Jadwabne. On the other hand, Bulgarians were not willing to bend to the evils of the Nazi Germans. Majority of the Jews living in Bulgaria survived as the Bulgarians refused to surrender the Jews to the German Death camps. However, they lost property and many of the Jews were imprisoned. In the Bulgarian labor camps, the Jews were tortured, maimed, persecuted and harassed. Despite this hostility, the Bulgarians did not murder the Jews. However, in 1941 the Bulgarian parliament passed a bill that had numerous restrictions on the Jews living in Bulgaria. They were not allowed to vie for any office in parliament, serve in the military, work in government offices, own rural land and marry or cohabit with Bulgarians. In addition, they had limited access to education and medical facilities. In spite of these, the Bulgarians did not participate in the killings of the Jews. Before the war against the Jews, the Jewish community significantly dominated variou s regions in terms of religion, culture and economic welfare. A majority of the Polish population supported the Nazi Germans on their hatred towards the Jews. The Germans ordered for the preservation of one family member in the Jewish family (Zimmermann 73). However, the Poles decided to kill all the Jews that lived in Poland. Although the Bulgarians looked at the Jews with suspicion, they did not fully support the Germans on the issue concerning the Jews. Therefore, the Jews in Poland were persecuted and killed while those in

Goverance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goverance - Essay Example s and responsibilities of senior management, the crucial problems that affect success in the total enterprise, and the decisions that determine the direction of the organization and shape its function†. Policies and strategic management are responsibilities of the chief executive officer (CEO). A major task under these responsibilities is corporate governance which is simply defined as â€Å"controlling, restraining and directing the making and administration of these policies† (Webster 1997). In health care, like in any other enterprise, administrative issues that affect the relevant structures of the health institution are ultimately governed by the CEO or the board of directors. It is in this regard that this paper aims to examine a specific administrative issue that required the skills and professional expertise of the CEO to steer the health organization’s direction towards the attainment of its goals. The mission of one of the top ten hospitals in Asia is to improve the delivery of quality health care conforming to the strict standards of the Joint Accreditation Commission of Health Organizations (JACHO). It came to the attention of the Vice President for Nursing that their Nurse Managers are torn between prioritizing functions which are administrative in nature vis-à  -vis functions that cater to the delivery of patient care. Due to the Nurse Managers’ theoretical orientation for health care, the administrative tasks such as completion of reportorial requirements, monitoring and upkeep of equipment and supplies, staff requirements and budgeting are frequently neglected or seconded with priorities being focused to patient care. Every nursing unit in the hospital is headed by a nurse manager who is assigned as the chief head nurse on duty. Her job responsibilities entail patient care as the primary task and managerial functions such as planning, directing, staffing and control. These multi-task functions coupled with low pay contributed to low

How Does Managed Care Affect Health Care Organizations Relationship Essay

How Does Managed Care Affect Health Care Organizations Relationship With Buyers, Sellers, Their Community In General, And the Government - Essay Example This essay declares that managed care plans are government provided health plans based on insurance. They engage in contracts with health care providers or professionals and medical institutions to provide a contracted service to the community. They are the main elements in the network of health care service provision under the federal and state governments system. The managed care plan has a system of rules to determine the amount of insurance money that each enrollee in the plan is entitled. When the service has been rendered by the physician as per agreement, he sends the bill to the insurance company which in turn has the right either to accept it on its face value or to ask for a revised bill. This is where the medical billing and coding companies come to play a role. Next health advocacy groups, i.e. groups of concerned citizens, play a pivotal role by advocating not only the least costly health care but also timely access to it. This paper makes a conclusion that the government’s involvement is seen in the connection between the acceptance and appointment of these insurance companies into the national health care plan, Medicare and Medicaid. While these links are obviously clearer, the relationship between the MHO and the patient is determined by the rules of the insurance plan. The former pays what the latter is entitled to under the plan, though there is no hard and fast rule to prevent a patient from seeking more expensive care outside the plan.

Letter to Lady Macbeth from her husband Essay Example for Free

Letter to Lady Macbeth from her husband Essay It has been a long time since I have seen you and I am missing you terribly. I hope that you are well. I am coping fine but I have been through quite a lot of trouble in a short space of time. Please let me inform you of my perturbed state and the strange, strange things I have encountered. Banquo and I fought a savage battle against the barbarian Norwegian army and the rebel Scottish lords. I was given the opportunity to come face to face with a rebel; MacDonald. As expected, I did not shake his hand nor did I bid farewell to him. Instead, I unseamed MacDonald from the nave to the chops and I fixed his head upon our battlements to declare our righteous victory. Obviously, I did not feel an ounce of fear or nervousness because I knew I was doing the right thing. The fire of my courage and braveness shone through and it was I who succeeded in battle. Whilst Banquo and I were on a heath near Forres, we came across three, peculiar weird sisters. At first, Banquo and I became rather confused as they slightly resembled women although they possessed beards and looked almost like trolls. He assumed they were not inhabitants of the Earth. Much to our amazement, they somehow had known our names. They then went on to make predictions that Banquos sons would become kings and that I will become Thane of Cawdor and later I would become king. The moment that I heard this I became fascinated and I demanded for more information. I, honestly, could not believe my ears. Did my ears deceive me; Did I really hear that one day I, Macbeth, would become King; How was this possible? I wanted, no needed, to know but much to my dismay the three sisters had vanished. Despite the fact that I am not in line for the throne, this was all I could think about. After the sisters had disappeared, we were greeted by two of the Kings men, Angus and Ross. They told me that the king had heard of my success in battle. They then announced that I was now Thane of Cawdor. I was extremely shocked and then asked how this could possibly be true as the Thane of Cawdor was still alive. They told me that he will be losing his life because he betrayed the king. I could neither understand nor comprehend this. Maybe, just maybe, the sisters were speaking the truth. But how can I become king? King Duncan is currently on the throne and he is well and healthy. The only possible way I can become king is if I The terrifying thought of what I have to do is eating away at my soul. Maybe I may have to murder King Duncan in order for you and I to be crowned the King and Queen of Scotland. God knows, how I am going to achive my goal. Please support me and help me make this possible.

The concepts of Leadership and Management

The concepts of Leadership and Management In recent years, there has been ongoing debate as to whether or not there is an obvious distinction between the concepts of Leadership and Management (McCartney Campbell, 2006).Although leadership and management are vital to organisations many theorist argue that both terms are profoundly different and that both exist as two separate entities (Bennis Nanus ,2003; Hughes, Ginnett Curphy ,2002; Shriberg, Shriberg Kumari, 2005 ; Zaleznik, 1977, cited by McCartney Campbell, 2006 ). Bennis Nanus (2003) argues that managing is to bring about, to accomplish, to have charge of or responsibility for and to conduct, whereas leading is to influence and provide direction (p.20). Bennis Nanus (2003) asserts that Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things (p.20). Hence, the connotation can be interpreted as an association between efficiency and effectiveness, vision and rational and finally innovation and logic (Sampson Daft, 2009). Although Benn is Nanus (2003) statement is mostly true there appears to be an indistinguishable region, due to the fact that leading is considered as one of the four functions of management and that leaders occasionally use certain managerial skills to achieve personal and organisational goals. This essay will provide linkages between theoretical arguments of both Leadership and Management first by providing a theoretical definition on both terms followed by a well developed argument on the basis of whether or not both terms are distinct or that one paradigm is a subset of the other (Koontz, 1964, as cited in McCartney Campbell, 2006). Numerous management texts often define management as a set of activities directed at an organisations resources with the aim of achieving organisational goals in an efficient and effective manner (Griffin, 2002, p.7, as cited in McCartney Campbell, 2006). Sampson Daft (2009) describe leadership as the ability to influence people to the attainment of organisational goals through interpersonal relationships that co-exists between leaders and followers. Colvard (2003) argues that although managers provide leadership and vice versa, managers do not perform the unique functions of leaders. Similarly, Bennis Nanus (2003) emphasised that leaders generally carried out a different organisational purpose than that of managers, as leaders required different sets of skills to meet organisational goals. In contradiction to Colvard and Bennis Nanuss statements , Caldwell (2003) claims that in current times innovation is as much essential in management as in leadership, as managers no longer pe rform their traditional role of directing and controlling work procedures but act more often as facilitators (Kirton 1980; Kanter 1989) . In recent years there has been much written on the difference between leadership and management (Sampson Daft, 2009). One of the many viewpoints suggested is that both management and leadership require distinct skill sets that vary from one another to such a degree that they are unlikely to become uniform (Zaleznik, 1977, cited in McCartney and Campbell, 2006). Often the Distinctions between management and leadership are associated with power, personal history, motivation and even empowerment. Contemporary leadership texts maintain their position in regards to the differences argued between both concepts, with references to Benniss quote. An alternative notion on leadership and management is that one paradigm is a subset of the other, therefore signifying the ability of an individual to possess both leadership and managerial skills. Koontz (1964) implied that managers possess leadership skills even though it accounts for small fraction in the functions of a manager. In contrast, Bennis and Nanus (1985) considered leadership as being the most comprehensive concept of the two by presenting it as the preferred alternative to management. Many other theorists believe that leadership and management are complimentary skill sets that are both necessary for organisational success (Kotter, 1990). Russells (2001) described individuals who possessed both sets of skills as leader-manager. As there are many perspectives, it appears that the debate concerning whether leadership and management skills are distinct interpersonally or whether they can coexist intrapersonally has not yet been fully resolved (Yukl, 2002). Both Zaleznik (1998) and Kotter (1990) emphasises that leadership and management may be similar and yet very distinct. Managers set up and account for whereas leaders establish direction. Managers control while leaders motivate. Managers produce high standards and consistency in a specified timeframe. Leaders produce the potential for dramatic change and possibly even failure (Kotter, 1990). The vast amount of research on the issue of the difference between the concepts and leadership and management indicate that leaders manage and sometimes managers lead (Bass, 1990). There is more to leadership than managing and vice versa as leadership is a small quantity in the functions of managment. Leaders and managers may be differentiated by attitudes, goals and values. Generally many leadership theorists argue that the functions of leaders and managers are theoretically different .However the two concepts occasionally blended, but act as two different functions. Kotter (1995) distinguishes management as the process by carrying out structured procedures and policies as method of dealing with change. The main difference argued in the distinction between leaders and managers is related to source of power and the amount of conformity it creates within the followers (Sampson Daft, 2009). Sampson Daft (2009) classify power as the ability to influence the behaviour of others (Mintzberg, 1983; Pfeffer, 1981) (p.554). In general there are five sources of power, legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent, which can subsequently be further divided to position and personal power (French Raven, 1960, as cited in Sampson Daft 2009). Management power comes from organisational structure by promoting stability and resolving problems in order to fulfill their task and achieve organisational goals (Zaleznik 1977; Sampson Daft 2009).leadership power, however , comes from the personal sources and interests of the leader (Sampson Daft 2009) .Legitimacy of managers depends upon employee acceptance, whereas legitimacy of a leader depends on the reception of their subordinates (Bass 1990). The great man theory focuses on leaders who have achieved a level of greatness (Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 1999). This theory presumes that a great man or individual possess the essential skills to perform as a leader. Many theorist have investigated the behaviour of leaders and how this impacts on leadership effectiveness (Yukl, 2006), the function of leadership (Shamir, 1995), as well as on contingency approaches (Baker, 2007; Fiedler, 1967). It is believed that the behaviour of a leader, rather than their personal traits determines leadership effectiveness as well as the overall achievement of organisational goals (Sampson Daft, 2009). The focus of recent research has shifted from personality traits toward the behaviour displayed by leaders. Different patterns of behaviour were grouped together and labeled as styles. The best known theory was Blake and Moutons leadership Grid .The leadership grid measured a leaders concern for people and the task at hand. the model consist of five major management styles; team management whereby set tasks are accomplished by committed workers. Secondly Club style management is when the primary focus is shifted from being task oriented to worker orientated. Authority compliance management happens when the primary focus is on efficiency in operations/productions. Middle of the road management is a style that reflects an even amount of concern on the task at hand as well as the concern for the works. Lastly , Impoverished management occurs when managers arent concerned with the task as well as the workers, taking a laissez- faire approach . This theoretical approach is often effectiv e in allowing managers to consider different actions or methods in reaching organisational goals.   In contrast, contingency leadership theories focus on the application and effectiveness of leadership styles to the different operating environments that can be found in the workplace (Sampson Daft, 2009). The contingency approach assumes the leadership behaviour is dependent on a wide variety of chance events or situations. This approach is used to identify the conditions of a task, managerial job and person as parts of a complete management situation and attempt to integrate them all into a solution which is most appropriate for a specific circumstance (Sampson Daft, 2009). Frederick Fiedlers contingency model emphasises the importance on leadership style, position power and the situation in which that leader operates. Fiedler associates the effectiveness of a leader as by assessing group situations. Fred Fiedlers Contingency Model also expects that the success of leaders will depend upon their characteristics (Sampson Daft, 2009). Path- Goal theory concentrates on leaders providing rewards individual accomplishment of objectives by illustratively providing a path to the achievement goals and the removement of barriers.   There are four primary styles of leadership styles in the path- goal theory. Firstly is supportive leadership occurs when leaders sympathises with the workers needs. Directive leadership is the situation in which leaders set out the performance goals by providing specific guidelines to allow subordinates towards the achievement of organisational goals. Thirdly, achievement oriented leadership occurs when leaders emphasises the importance of achievement of difficult tasks whereby employees are awarded according to their achievements .lastly participative leadership occurs when leaders consult with sub ordinates about work and the path in which to take to resolve problems. Leaders should adopt a style with which they complement the organisational situation to ensure that both the work is compl eted within the set period of time. Recent work on leadership has begun to distinguish leadership as something more than just the ability to influence and motivate people (Sampson Daft, 2009). Research has found that some leadership approaches are more effective than others. These types of leadership are catogorised as transformational and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership occurs when leaders broaden their horizons in order to fulfill organisational goals and the needs of employees .Burns (1977) argued that it was possible to distinguish between transactional and transforming leaders. Bass (1985) suggested transactional forms can be drawn upon and transformed. Thus, resulting in transformational leadership being efficient in the accomplishment of organisational goals

Different theories of ageing

Different theories of ageing One of the most significant achievements of modern society is the rise in human longevity. Since 1800, life expectancy at birth has gradually increased over the subsequent two centuries, from forty years to nearly eighty years (Bongaarts 2006). These remarkable changes in human biology have produced challenges for scientists, doctors, sociologists and policy-makers. Over the last century, the growing realization of the changing demography of ageing has provoked sociological and biological research to explain the effects of these changes on society. The aim of this essay is to discuss how different theories of ageing have tried to approach older people and their circumstances. The study of ageing as social gerontology took root in the late 1940s, at a time of great social and demographic change. After World War 2, society in Europe and the United States of America (USA) had palpably changed, prompting sociological research into changes in ageing amongst other sociological phenomena (Vincent 1996). The modern political and economic environment viewed ageing, for the first time, as a problem for society (Jones, 1993). This view of ageing was at odds with the prevailing functionalist sociological theories of the time. Talcott Parsons was a key proponent of general functionalism, and viewed society from the macro perspective of needing functioning parts in order to maintain its well-being. The analogy was with the body of an organism just as the body has many specialized organs which are required for the body to function, society is also the sum of its parts: youth, family, education, labour force, professionals, religion, government etc. Society required these parts to be working together in order for society to function with equilibrium (Giddens 1993). The biology of ageing had been actively researched since the days of Darwin and Mendel, yet the interaction between ageing and society remained unexplored. Indeed, the Social Science Research Council in the USA concluded in 1948 that the scientific community had paid little attention to the interaction between biology and society (Achenbaum and Bengston). The first psychosocial theories on ageing and society took shape, and were published a decade later. Social scientists Elaine Cummins and William Henry published the first important study of aging in 1961. They advanced what they called the disengagement theory of aging. This theory was based on data from the Kansas City Study of Adult Life, in which researchers from the University of Chicago followed several hundred adults from middle to old age. The authors concluded from this study that growing old was a process of disengagement, whereby the tendency of ageing adults was to withdraw from society and live out their declining years with as little interference with others as was possible. Whilst these findings reflected the social practice of the day such as the granny flat or retirement home environment, the authors also proposed that this theory had advantages for the individual and society. According to Cumming and Henrys model, the major shift in interaction between the aged and the rest of society occurs when older people begin to realize their declining physical and cognitive functions and their mortality. They propose that this leads to removal, both consciously and subconsciously, from social networks. Simultaneously, society distances itself from the elderly, and the roles and responsibilities of these elderly members of society are passed along to the younger ones. From a sociological perspective, it has been suggested that disengagement has theoretical benefits (reference?). For the elderly, disengagement facilitates gradual withdrawal from society, whilst preserving social equilibrium. Ageing removes the capacity for older people to function as parents, professionals or working members of society, and therefore it promotes self-reflection for the elderly who are freed from roles of responsibility within society (ref?). Ultimately, it prepares the elderly for a decline in health and death. From the perspective of society, disengagement allows knowledge, responsibility, wealth and power to be transferred from the older generation to the young. The roles of the old and the young in society evolve, such that disengagement from roles of responsibility ensures that the younger population have jobs and roles into which to develop. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die. Clearly, disengagement theory must be viewed in the context of the era in which it was developed. Largely, the theory of Cummings and Henry reflected the practice of the day. Elderly people in industrialized nations in the 1960s were encouraged to live out their declining years without interfering with progress and development. In rural settings, elderly people may still have contributed through the use of learned practical skills, although during a time of rapid technological advancement these skills were less valued than by earlier generations. This is a form of role discontinuity, whereby what is learned at one age may be useless or conflict with a subsequent period on ones life. This contrasts with contemporary views of ageing, whereby aged populations are more familiar with the technological advances of the second half of the last century. Retirement and disengagement in this context may not be to the benefit of society or the individual. Moreover, until recently few positive role models for elderly individuals existed. Those in the public eye and the media have tended to be youthful in appearance, hindering the socialization to old age. However, with the demographic growth and visibility of the elderly population has come more role models of active and healthy ageing. In this setting, disengagement of individuals before they reached the stage of imminent mortality, whilst they are still able contribute to roles in society, may cause both social and financial isolation and lack of self-worth. Loss of role through loss of spouse, divorce or retirement can lead to an erosion of identity and self-esteem (Rosow 1985). This, coupled with the relentless improvement in healthcare for the elderly, suggests that disengagement theory may be a product of the post-World War 2 era rather than universally applicable. These problems with the universal validity of disengagement theory were recognised within a few years. Activity theory can be viewed as a counterpoint to disengagement theory. Activity theory views old age as an extension of middle age, rather than a separate psychological and biological stage of life as proposed by disengagement theory. Activity theory actually pre-dates disengagement theory. In the 1950s Havighurst and Albrecht (1953 cited in Katz 1996) insisted ageing can be lively and creative experience. Any loss of roles, activities or relationships within old age, should be replaced by new roles or activities to ensure happiness, value consensus and well-being, and that this approach has benefits for the individual and society. The theory builds on the principle that the biological process of ageing can be modified by modern healthcare, and therefore the only differences between and old age and middle age are these modifiable biological processes, not societal wants and needs (schulz and rockwood). The basis of the theory is that there is a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction, and the greater the role loss the lower the sense of self-worth or satisfaction (Lemon 1972). Therefore, a persons sense of self-worth is related to the roles held by that person i.e. retiring may not be so harmful if the person actively maintains other roles, such as familial roles, recreational roles, volunteer and community work. However, early research failed to substantiate a psychological benefit of continued engagement and activity. Lemon, Bengston and Peterson examined key elements of activity theory in a cross-sectional sample of future residents of a retirement community. In this study little connection was found between activity and satisfaction. However, this study suffers from similar criticisms as the Kansas City Study of Adult Life. The study group consisted of Caucasian, middle-class, married individuals interested in pursuing an active retirement. These issues ref lect a common problem with sociological research into the theories of ageing limited diversity of populations and the presence of confounding factors such as attitudes towards activity and engagement, limit the universal applicability of findings and determination of causality. A further problem with both these theories is their macro approach to the sociological phenomenon of ageing. Activity theory neglects the individual issues of inequality and heterogeneity between age groups. It is clear both activity theory and disengagement theory may be suited to certain individuals or groups on society, and may not be universally applicable. Whilst Phillipson (1998) sees these functionalist schools as important in shaping social theory, such functionalist theories may impose a sense of causality on aging by implying that an aged person will either disengage or will be active. Thus, it can be argued that these arbitrary social theories are a form of academic imperialism, whereby the activities of individual elderly people are dictated by macro-orientated theories rather than taking account of individual experiences or using inductive reasoning. Continuity theory incorporates aspects of activity theory and disengagement theory within the functionalist framework. Continuity theory maintains the social-psychological that were developed from the Kansas City Studies. The basis of continuity theory is that individuals maintain a consistent pattern of behaviour as they age, by replacing lost roles of adulthood with similar ones, and by maintaining a constant attitude of adaptation towards the social environment. Life satisfaction is determined by the consistency between current activities or lifestyles with ones lifetime experiences (Neugarten, Havinghurst, Tobin 1968). This consistency in behaviour implies that central personality characteristics and core values become more pronounced with age. That is, that people who have always been passive and withdrawn are unlikely to become active upon retirement, and vice versa. Therefore, this theory does not advocate significant psychological change with age, unlike the other two macro theories. It is a micro-level theory, encompassing individual experiences and adaptations. However, micro theories suffer from the limitation if not being generalisable, and therefore not being able to be empirically tested on a broader scale. Moreover, by focusing on the individual, micro-theories may overlook the role of social factors in modifying the ageing process (you need references for these points). By contrast, the theory of political economy of old age is a macro-level theory that emerged as a reaction to functionalism, and focuses on social factors modifying ageing. The theory draws upon Marxist views of the capitalist nature of modern society and how old age was socially constructed to meet the needs of the modern economy (Estes 1979). This grew out of a wider move towards modernization in sociology, attempting to explain the changes in society as consequences of population ageing, industrialization and fertility decline. Therefore, socioeconomic and political factors, not individual factors, are the primary determinants of the experience of ageing. These include age and class, as well as gender, sexual orientation and race. As Phillipson (1998) points out, in the UK huge forms of social expenditure were allocated to older people. Consequently, not only were older people viewed in medical terms but in resource terms by governments. This built upon the idea of ageing as a burden to modern society, as Phillipson (1998: 17) states: Older people came to be viewed as a burden on western economies, with demographic change seen as creating intolerable pressures on public expenditure. The major focus of the political economy of ageing was an interpretation of the relationship between aging and the economic structure. In the USA, political economy theory was brought to prominence by the work of Estes (1979), and Estes, Swan and Gerard (1982). Similarly, in the UK, the work of Walker (1981), Townsend (1981) and Phillipson (1982) contributed to understanding age and ageing in modern British society. In the USA, Estes, Swan and Gerard (1982) state that the class structure is the major determinant of the socio-economic position of older people in society. Estes justifies this position by using a Marxist view of society to explain how a individuals social worth is dependent on their productivity. All subsequent policy towards age and ageing can be explained from this premise. Negative attitudes towards older people, and their impoverished position, can be explained by their loss of social worth brought about by their loss of a productive role in modern society. Estes (1 979) also claims that political economy theory highlights the role of the state in contemporary society. Since the state dictates the allocation of resources, this determines the allocation of retirement and pension schemes, and is therefore a further key determinant of social worth of elderly people. Phillipson (1982) builds on this point of view, ad goes on to state that retirement is linked to the timing of economic reduction of wages and enforced withdrawal from work, and hence many older people in the UK in a financially insecure position. Therefore, the state can determine the social position and future of its elderly citizens, and indirectly shape prevailing social and cultural attitudes to the elderly. Indeed, any discussion about change in the welfare state leads to further legitimisation of the burden stereotype of the elderly in society. Echoing this point of view, Townsend (1981) states that society creates the social problems of old age through structured dependency embedded in institutional ageism, through lack of material resources due to poverty, retirement policy, the negative consequences of residential care, and poor structure of community care. Townsend puts forward the idea that there is a structural perspective of rules and resources governing older people in modern society. Townsend claims that the approach is: one whereby society is held to create the framework of institutions and rules within which the general problem of the elderly emerge or, indeed, manufactured. In the everyday management of the economy and the administration and development of social institutions the position of the elderly subtly changed and shaped. (Townsend 1981: 9) Similarly, Walker (1981) argues for a theory of political economy of old age in order to understand the position of older people. In particular, Walker (1981: 77) builds on the idea that the structure of modern society propagates dependency among groups such as the elderly a social creation of dependency. Phillipson (1982, 1986) writes in a similar vein, and considers how capitalism helps socially construct the social marginality of older people in key areas such as welfare. The key argument of these writers within the Marxist school of thought is inequalities in the distribution of resources should be understood in terms of the distribution of power within society, rather than in terms of variation between individuals. In addition to the argument that social and governmental policy contributes to the socializing and marginalizing of old age, political economy theory criticizes the emphasis on community engagement and the consequent social devaluing of elderly people who cannot or choose not to engage in these activities. Activities such as participation in volunteer programmes and social work may be viewed as a way to meet public service gaps created by reduced public funding. Although the benefits of volunteering have been proposed by activity theory, from the point of view of political economy it is social and structural factors that influence the individuals decision to volunteer or participate. For example, elderly individuals who are also carers for their spouse or their grandchildren may not be able to take on additional social roles, and may leave the individual vulnerable to social criticism. Indeed, it has been noted that a paradigm of ageing that only values productivity and civic-engagem ent can stigmatise and disempower elders who cannot contribute to society because of illness, disability or limited time and resources (reference?). The life-course perspective is not necessarily a theory, but a framework of ageing as a lifelong process. It attempts to explain how ageing is shaped by earlier events, including social structure and history along with interactions with family and culture. Individual development of personality and cognition interact with these other factors affecting life-course. Time is the key variable, since it influences relationships in three ways: life experiences influence relationships, family events and family transitions influence individuals and interactions, and events in a broader social historical context also influence social role and values. Social context interacts with individuals and influences them and their relationships. This framework takes account of the diversity of roles and role changes across lifespan, since it views development as occurring at all stages and not just any one stage of life. It takes into account the gains and losses that occur through life-course, rather than viewing development as a linear process. Therefore, development is considered multidirectional, with stability or development in areas, and decline in others. For example, ageing may lead to impairment in short-term memory but not in creativity or social function. Therefore, this approach takes account of micro and macro levels of development and provides a framework to shape further sociological research into ageing. In conclusion, sociological theories of ageing have evolved alongside changes in demography and economics since the early 20th century. The functionalist theories of activity and disengagement approached ageing in the context of the prevailing view of the time. Although based on empirical evidence the observational studies from Kansas city these studies were limited to middle-class Caucasion populations and yet were extrapolated to macro-level theories. As such, both these theories suffered criticisms for their lack of generalisability, and newer theories were developed as an immediate reaction. In the context of economic troubles during the 1970s, the sociology of ageing began to be viewed in an economic perspective. The view of structural aspects of society interacting with healthy or unhealthy ageing has advanced sociological thought in this area, and laid the foundation for contemporary views of ageing. Current demographic issues such as the prevailing economic climate, declining fertility and improvements in healthcare have changed the sociological view of ageing. As such, these issues must be addressed as further research attempts to view life-course influences on ageing at both a macro- and micro-theoretical level.

Children’s Behavior is Not Adversely Affected by Daycare :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Children’s Behavior is Not Adversely Affected by Daycare Recently daycare centers have been in the spotlight because of the argument that children who spend a lot of time in daycare tend to have more behavior problems such as over aggressiveness when compared with kids who stay home with their mommies. The following two points of views concerning this controversy illustrate the divide between those who believe daycare is benevolent and those who believe it to be detrimental to children. This first article concerns the results of an ongoing study given by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development about the effects that daycare may have on a child. According to the Newsweek article â€Å"A new battle over day care† (April 30, 2001), this study indicates that kids who spend more than 30 hours a week in child care are three times more likely to be aggressive, defiant and disobedient by the time they reach kindergarten than those who are raised by maternal care. The study on the effects of childcare had made many working parents anxious. Sarah Friedman, scientific coordinator of the study, says, â€Å"The easy answer is to cut the number of hours children are in care†. However, she also mentioned that scientists do not know yet if the hours spent in daycare are the only factors that may increase the child’s aggressive behavior. On the other hand, another article reports that some people believe that daycare won’t ruin the kid’s behavior. Early press reports relied on the account of just one long time childcare critic, Jay Belsky, out of the 29 researchers involved and thus the data in the study may have been misrepresented. NICHD researcher Martha J. Cox of the University of North Carolina says, â€Å"He is more extreme in his views than the rest of us†. Also, Susan B. Campbell, a team member of the University of Pittsburgh, mentioned that children’s behavior such as demanding attention, pushing, teasing, and fighting are completely typical for children whether or not they attend daycare. My opinion about this topic is that we should help our society make life a little easier for moms and dads who must manage the balance between work and family. Help for those parents who need childcare to find a high-quality daycare for their children is essential. We should keep in mind that for many of us, childcare is not a choice but an economic necessity.

Manchester Airport operates in an increasingly competitive environment

Manchester Airport operates in an increasingly competitive environment and must differentiate itself not only. Finance All organisations must take great care in setting their financial targets. If they are set too low then they will be readily achieved and full potential will not be reached. At present the economic regulation of airports is targeted solely at reducing the charges to airlines. Non-aviation income is not regulated and the Airport, therefore, seeks to encourage the development of such revenue streams to sustain the profitability of the Company. To maintain its reputation as a quality service provider, therefore, Manchester Airport has to ensure that it increases capacity and markets itself to become more attractive as the â€Å"airport of choice†. External factors Which Affect financial Performance Numerous factors influence the financial activities and the financial performance of organisations Five major external factors which affect Manchester Airport are: 1 Constant change 2 Competitive environment 3 Single till 4 Government regulations 5 Economic environment Change Along with all other business the Airport operates in an environment which is constantly changing. For example: 1 The freight market is volatile and can fluctuate annually. Reasons for this include: 1. competitor activity 2. noise considerations – freight only aircraft tend to be noisier and older 3. technological development 2 World events can have an effect dramatic on both freight and passenger travel. For example: 1. Since 11 September 2001 the number o people flying across the North Atlantic has fallen dramatically and this has had an effect in business travel and some airlines. 2. the war in Iraq has also had an effect on travel 3. The SARS virus has had an effect on the number of passengers travelling to the very east of the world. 1 Charter flights are also in a volatile market and are affected by events such as: 1. the general economic conditions 2. foreign currency exchange rates 3. consumer confidence I tour operators 4. competitor activities 5. trades towards off-season holidays 6. weather conditions 1 the Airport must comply with regulations and legislation which is subject to change, for example: 1. The establishment of a single market within the Euro... ...atement, which indicates the broad methodology used and is titled Basis of Opinion. Statement of According Policies Principles of accounting policies are declared in this statement. Details are provided of particular accounting methods used such as description. Trading Account The trading account forms the first part of the Profit and loss Account. It is used to calculate the amount of gross profit or loss. Paying Wages and Salaries The payment of wages and salaries for Manchester Airport plc staff is handled by the Payroll Section which is part of one of the other group companies, Manchester Airport Aviation Service (MAAS), and is located on the Airport site. They hold information about all employees. This includes: 1 Name 2 Address 3 National Insurance Number 4 Starting Salary 5 Salary Scale From this information they are able to calculate the amount to be paid and deductions such as National Insurance payments, pension, tax and union subscription. The majority of staff are salaried, that is their payments are based on an annual figure, but are paid on a monthly basis. Some staff, mainly annual workers , are still paid on an hourly rate.

Unhappy Cows – Short Essay

The California dairy Industry would like us, the consumers, to believe that their dairy cows In some mysterious way are â€Å"happy cows†. They literally use this term, thus insinuating that for some reason or another, milk from California is better. Or, perhaps they are trying to convince us that cows in other states are too â€Å"sad† to produce quality milk. However, I say this campaign is nothing but a big pile of manure. Pun intended. I have found no research supporting the claim that California cows are â€Å"happy sows†.At least, no happier than normal. In fact, Californians practices are quite the same If not Identical to any other states. It Is very sad that they use a campaign of hope and happiness when in all reality their dairy cows are mistreated just like the rest. Dairy cows endure annual cycles of artificial insemination, mechanized milking for 10 months out of each year, which includes 7 months out of the 9 months a cow may be pregnant. Cows both In California and around the nation are given hormones so hat they might produce more milk.This active and rigorous cycle overburdens the cows, thus only making them useful as dairy cows for two years. These particular cows are usually slaughtered at four years old. Dairy cows are expected to produce one calf per year per cow according to the U. S. Department of Agriculture fact sheet. Just imagine what kind of strain this must be on the animal! This would be comparative to a human running or jogging 6 hours a day, every day for a year while pregnant! Does that sound Like a happy cow to oh?Most female dairy calves are eventually put onto the milking line while most of the male calves are found to be useless and are often sold into the veal industry. Yes folks, even the calves from the â€Å"happy' California cows are sold to these kinds of industries. Hundreds of thousands of little baby calves are shoved into cages so small they can't so much as turn around until they are roughly 12 to 14 months old and then they are slaughtered for their meat; the meat that has gone tender after so many months of little to no activity.California is essentially capitalizing on American citizens ignorance of what is happening right in front of them. If people of this country would bother to read the facts, I doubt they would be supporting this ridiculous â€Å"happy cow' business. Perhaps Californians campaign should be a bit more realistic, such as the way we treat our cows will make your milk curdle'. â€Å"Farm Bill : Laws and Regulations : National Agricultural Library. † Information Centers : National Agricultural Library. US Department of Agriculture. Web. 10 Novo. 2011.

Criminal Court Visit Essay Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this base is to highlight the different aspect of the twist arbiter after dateing the shepherds crook umpire office(s). The visit is d hotshot during the ending week of September 2010 and the visiting auspicate was the United States District First woo of Appeal, the judgeship located at 301 S. ML King Blvd. Tallahassee, Florida. In this paper the findings forget be discussed that what factors (selected) be involved that hit the process of administration of justice. It will be tried the best to explain the reflectivitys and views with analogy and contrast. However, the points will be discussed in archives format to grab the information precisely.The abominable Court Visit and the Observations First, ca-ca just about information about the culpable Justice. The Criminal Justice is the scheme or pigeonholing of system and institutions that have the prime certificate of indebtedness to mitigate the twist offense or plague rate and to take necessary actions to lintel with the moorages that is critical and sensitive in personality to throw the cessationful environment of the nine. It is nonp argonil profession for those who has investigative mind. The Presidents Commission defined the barbarous justice system as the means for fraternity to enforce the standards of conduct necessary to comfort individuals and the community. (The Challenge of offensive in a Free Society, 1967) The Criminal Justice system has three master(prenominal) move practice of equity, Courts and Jails similarly known as department of corrections but all these parts have one and only(a) main goal that is to maintain the rule of law within the society by operating with coordination under one umbrella that is Law.PolicePolice is the trend face of the vicious justice system that has the prime responsibility to maintain the peace and control the law and order situation as per their jurisdictions according to the predefined law. Police ar also responsible to decrease the Crime rate in the society. In ground forces the police department was founded in 1908. Police itself has multidimensional activities to guarantee the peace, calm and give throughout the society.CourtsCourts argon the place where disputes are settled down and terminalized after thorough debates and analyses according to the law. There are twist of professionals in any court who dress their responsibilities as per their role like judge, prosecutor and attorney usually belong to defense. The one most important personality in that court sitting is the judge that has a special authority to settle the dispute. corrections or punishmentCorrections or punishment is the outcome for the final examination finale of the court against the crime. The main purpose to affirm the person in jail or prison is separate him from the society to impede any merely sensitive or law and order situation. There are also other different forms of punishment and co rrections like to impose fiscal penalties, probation and house arrest. The house arrest authorisation is the type of punishment that limits the persons mobility to prevent others and society from his or her invalidating activities.Reflections with compare and contrast after visitVisiting the Criminal court, enable us to enhance our knowledge about the achievement that is the part and parcel of administration of the justice. In that connection, the book criminal justice straightaway by Frank Schmallegar provided the necessary information. The observation was based on the ongoing court trial on the violent attacks on two blameless citizens. (The identities will not be shown, because of personal reason/request). jibe to the case the dupes Mr. A and Mr. O were whimsical on the way, during the driving there auto rammed from the back. When they got out checking that issue and cause of rammed, dead they were harmed by the gang that comprises with four mickle who had iron rods in t heir hands. The accused person got into his car and dragged the Mr. A along the course for a distance of 40 to 50 yards. However, the victim rushed to the near infirmary but he died because of numerous diagnose fun fractures, the liers trauma and haemorrhaging, followed by a number of heart attacks. later and during the hearing of this tragic and brutal bill there was a pin-drop silence inside the court. The attorney of the accused tried to withstand by saying that the above mentioned explanation about crime scene was further from reality but the judge refused it when the criminal history is cited by the victims lawyer thatthe accused criminal already has the record of murder trial that was started in six month before, he also referred the criminals girlfriend who tell herself as a hostile witness. The victims lawyer also presented the toxicological reports that have the clear evidences of identical sweat, part and finger prints matches. When these evidences presented, the criminals lawyer had no way but to hope and keep silence, after examining the report and evidences the taste started to take out his remarks by saying that rather Shocking. He further say that Mr. A and Mr. O was the respective and observant citizens and has no any criminal records, who were rammed and assaulted by the accused person and his gang in a highly violent and inhuman manner. Judge further said that the criminal also has a record of introductory hearing but he didnt learn any lesson from them. Judge further added that this action is reprehensible morally and this crime is very high in the be of manslaughter. Finally, the judge sentenced the 10 years among the final year suspended for the manslaughter.This court visit and the proceed of above mentioned case undetermined many dimension in front line of me. This visit enriched my experience about the criminal court and its accomplishment about the especial(a) case, the way that both parties argued and emboss ed the concerns and the oceanic abyss thinking ability of the judge who gave final judgment. Furthermore, there are plenty of issues that indispensability to be addressed but some other important point that is noticed primarily about the Proceeding, is the media coverage. The main concern that is raised by the court officials is about the live camera coverage, according to them the camera coverage create a tension to make a reasonable judgment because during the exclusively process the officials feel confused to express their views thoroughly because of the mass reactions. The official refer that the mass reaction is not the main issue but to satisfy them on each and every legal issues because of the ignorance of law and proceeding of the justice. They claimed that this camera coverage and its link issue converted the courtroom and its proceeding into media circus. But the counter argument that is in favor of camera coverage is that, these camera coverage is the catalyst to make the square proceeding crystal clear as per law and the assurance that the all proceeding that affect the administration of justice is incline less. This live camera coverage is thecounterpoison for those elements who affect directly or in directly to the whole processing and are the main cause(s) of dissatisfaction about any incident aspect or whole of the legal proceeding However, the positive point is that some professionals are in favor to do these activities during the proceeding, as per their viewpoint the live coverage via electronic media and devices make the proceeding of the administration of justice more trustable, accessible and transparent among the masses.

Concrete

The fragmentize breadths predicted by the diametrical labels exit been cypher for a range of change parameters alter hear payoff mark (Figure 9) Varying get through (Figure 10) Varying parapet pose with constant financial backing field of ope symmetryn and idiom. (Figure 1 1) Varying boundaryinate spacing with constant advantage surface ara and maximum air to AS 3600. Figure 12) bulletin board system 5400 results have been plot using a Ms / MGM ratio of 0. 1 and 1. tout ensemble results have used long bourne measure outs where available. Larger discrepancys of these interprets may be found on the Powering presentation associated with this paper. The pursuance observations can be made from the graph results The bulletin board system 5400 results using the two unlike appoint ratios gave substantially different results, with the spunkyer(pre titulary) ratio giving increased crevice widths. The notice board 8110 results were both roughly centrally placed between the two notice board 5400 results, or close to the lower values.The Recoded 2 results were usually reasonably close to the incriminate of the separate results. The CUBE-Flip-1990 results were consistently the lowest for high marque stresses and high cover hybridize values. Results with varying spacing were close to Recoded 2 results. The IAC 318 results were consistently the highest, world close to and sparingly higher than the pep pill bound bbs 5400 values. both dissolve widths increased approximately linearly with increase steel stress Crack widths increased with increase cover, with Recoded 2 reaching a constant value at 70 mm cover, and the CUBE-PIP code at 35 mm cover.The other codes continued to increase more than linearly up to 100 mm cover. All codes predicted increasing press stud width with increasing break spacing and constant reinforcement ara steel stress. Figure 9 Varying emphasis reinforcement stress Figure 10 Varying cover Figure 11 Va rying bar spacing with constant reinforcement ara and stress Figure 12 Varying bar spacing with constant reinforcement argona and maximum stress to AS 3600.When the steel stress was adjusted to the maximum allowable at a lower place AS 3600 (I. E. minify for increasing bar spacing and increasing bar diameter) the predicted piece of cake widths were reasonably fork over in the spacing range 50 to 200 mm, then tended to reduce with greater spacing. DEFLECTION The main differences in shape up to the counting of deflections be summarized low Australian and American codes are based on the Brannon comparability, using a uniform fair effective stiffness value.Australian codes allow for overtaking of accent rigidifying through a reduction of the tick offing import link to the free concrete shrinking. Allowance for shrinkage bend in the Australian codes is simplify and will underestimate curvature in symmetrically reinforced regions. British codes allow only a low tensio n value for check overed sections, which is further trim back for long term deflections European codes dupe an intermediate approach for batty sections, tit an allowance for loss of tension change.British and European code provisions for shrinkage curvature are essentially the same impelling stiffness, calculate according to AS 3600, Recoded 2, electronic bulletin board 5400, and BBS 8110, and with no tension stiffen, is plotted against bending result for the same concrete section used in the crack width analysis. Figure 13 shows results with no shrinkage, and Figure 14 with a shrinkage of 300 Microscopic. RESEARCH ABOUT THE METHODS apply IN DIFFERENCE CONCRETE STANDARDS AS 3600 limits the maximum reinforcement stress under serviceability clogs to a truism value dependent on either the bar diameter or the bar spacing, whichever feasts the greater stress.AS 5100 has the same limits, with an additional requisite to check for lower limits under indissoluble loads for elements in exposure sorts 82, C or U. Recoded 2 limits stresses in essentially the same way, except that the limits are presented as maximum bar spacing or diameter for a specified stress, kind of than vice versa. The Recoded 2 limits are related to 3 different values of nominal crack width, 0. 2 mm, 0. 3 mm or 0. 4 mm, under pseudo-static loading. The relevant crack Edith depends on the exposure classification and type of member.Code Provisions for Crack comprehensiveness Limits As well as stress limits, Recoded 2 has detailed provisions for the calculation of design crack widths, which are summarized under The base formula for crack width crack spacing x (mean steel strain mean concrete strain) makes no allowance for variation in crack width between the level of the reinforcement and the surface of the concrete, however the crack spacing is mainly related to the cover depth, and the crack width is directly proportional to crack spacing, so the depth of cover has a signifi cant effect on crack widths.The expression for Seems ECMA limits the effect of tension stiffening to 40% of the steel strain. For long term effects the tension stiffening coefficient is minify by 1/3, from 0. 6 to 0. 4. The British concrete design codes specify a design crack width at the surface of the concrete as follows The basic approach is standardised to Recoded 2, except that the crack width is projected from the reinforcement level to the concrete surface. The main differences between BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are BBS 5400 includes a factor to reduce the effect of tension stiffening, depending on the ratio of live load fleck to dead load moment (Ms / MGM).The effect of this is to reduce tension stiffening effects to zero for a load ratio of 1 or greater. The tension stiffening coefficients are differently formulated. The IAC requirements are based on stress limits derived from the Surgery-Lutz equation The IAC 318 equation makes no allowance for tension stiffening, and pred icts crack width at the upper bound of those studied in this paper. Results are usually similar to those from the BBS 5400 equation using a Ms / MGM ratio of 1 .AS 3600, AS 5100, and IAC 318 AS 3600 and AS 5100 provisions for simplified calculation of deflections are identical other than a typographic error in AS 5100), and are both based on the Brannon equation, which is in any case used in IAC 318. The equation in IAC 318 is differently formulated, but will give identical results for the same faulting moment and section stiffness values. The AS 3600 version of the equation is shown below left is calculated for the maximum moment section, and applied along the full length of the member beingness analyses.The calculation of the cracking moment in the Australian codes (but not IAC 318) includes an allowance for the shrinkage induced ductile stress in the unchecked section, which contributes to loss of tension stiffening AS 3600 and AS 5100 provide a factor KC , applied to the cal culated deflection, to account for the additional deflection receivable creep and shrinkage KC = 2- 1. 2(ASS / East) brand that for a symmetrically reinforced section KC reduces to the minimum value of 0. , being the effect of creep deflection alone. 6. 4. 2 OBSESS,BBS 8110 Deflections in BBS 5400 and BBS 8110 are calculated from integration of section curvatures. The cracking moment and curvature of cracked sections allows for a short term concrete tensile stress of 1 Amp, reducing to 0. 5 Amp in the long term. shoplifting curvatures in BBS 8110 are find from the free shrinkage strain, and the first moment of area of the reinforcement about the cracked or unchecked section, as appropriate.BBS 5400 uses a similar approach, but tabulates factors based on the compression and tension reinforcement ratios. 6. 4. 3 Recoded 2 and CUBE-PIP 1990 (MAC 90) The European codes also provide for calculation of deflections by integration of section curvatures, but provide a different expression for the stiffness of cracked sections shrinkage curvatures are assessed using a similar method to that given in BBS 8110

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

According to Geert Hofstede there five various dimensions of culture. The five dimensions are Power Distance, Individualism or Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, wired and Short or Long-Term Orientation. Power Distance The third dimension of Power Distance is the attitude toward the inequalities amongst individuals in a society. Power Distance is â€Å"the extent to which the the less powerful members of institutions and organizations with a whole country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede).Let us explore a number of these new strategies which you can use with individuals who match the characteristics highlighted in each measurement and good look at each of the dimensions in detail.Superiors are very accessible and coaching. Management facilitates and empowers the individual. Power is decentralized. Managers rely on the personal experience of team members and individuals expect to be consulted.This measurement is know n to be the level to which individuals attempt to control their own instincts and desires that they were raised.

It is whether an same individual views their self-image as â€Å"We† or â€Å"I†. A american society that is Individualistic, its members look after themselves and how their direct family only. Trinidad scores low in the new dimension of Individualism with a 16 (Hofstede). It is a anti collectivist society.The Indulgence dimension is a new dimension into the design.The United States is a very individualistic culture. The US scores 91 in this dimension. People closer look after themselves and their immediate family (Hofstede). Individuals what are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative.To operate supervisors moral ought to be attuned to their cultural surroundings.

The good quality of an individual’s life is a sign of success.Being different is not a trait how that is admired. Trinidad, with a score of 58 is a masculine culture (Hofstede). Management is decisive and assertive.Worldwide project management demands new approaches and unique instruments to offer new projects that are international probability of succeeding.The goal is always to win. Conflicts are resolved individually. Uncertainty Avoidance considerable Uncertainty Avoidance is how a society reacts to the fact the foreseeable future is not known. Different cultures deal with the much anxiety that this can bring.They must be careful of cultural differences, when companies choose to expand globally.

Their culture is very less resistant to innovation. The US scores a 46 and is considerable uncertainty accepting (Hofstede). In the US, new ideas and new products are welcomed. Individuals are open to trying new own ideas and technology.Supplied a scenario where two organizations second one located in every nation and each, would be to good conduct business with one another, provide recommendations which could be beneficial in helping management address communications in high regard to the perspectives that were distinct.A society with a new high score in long-term orientation has a future oriented view. A society with a low score has a short-term important point of view. Trinidad has no score in this dimension. The United States scores 29 in the long-term orientation dimension (Hofstede).Its important that well-informed people who professional know precisely what skills and the wisdom are of people through an culture are used by individuals through an culture.

Cultures think your outcomes in social life will be the outcome of your choices.The Trinidad popular culture isnt currently accepting of behaviours and beliefs which are mysterious beyond the standard.Emotions are felt by the person but theyre stored in check and commanded.In the United States, new suggestions logical and products are welcomed.

Southwest Airlines: Organizational Commitment and Communication

s erupth-west Airlines fond memorial tabletal cultivation is hypothecateed in its relegating as sh possess in its website inscription to the highest shade of guest returns depicted with a soul of fastth, friendliness, idiosyncratic(a) pride, and confede symmetryn Spirit. souwest is a troupe that non yet excels in client supporter and advantageousness further similarly in employee development. Its organisational fealty is non reserve out to the arrangement it is in actuallyity dilate it to an current human relationship with the employees where they hunt down the luck to prove their vagarys, suggestions and concerns.This organisational husbandry has ferment southwestward Airlines iodine of the companies with the fewer client complaints, and an employee disturbance ratio of little than 10 pct (DAurizio, 2008). The equal vehement subtlety southwestward Airlines has relieve oneself all all over the prison term is back up by all( prenominal) employee who has in head word that they stick to de brookr a warm and social ser valetudinarianism to their customers. southwest focuss dodge could non be around(prenominal) correct the anxiety scoop outs employees as family, expecting from the employees to continue customers standardised family as hale.The association is characterized for having a modify organize. In between the chief operating officer and the frontline supervisors, in that location ar just now a few levels. Their ism on structure is genuinely relaxed. whatsoever employee who feels the brand is wel fatherd to touch soul supra their supervisor. The chair has trio administrator misdeed hot seats who various(prenominal)ly eat up quintuplet or six near wrong presidents who level to them. on that point is angiotensin transposeing enzyme vice president of intrinsic Audits and finical Projects who reports in a flash to the president. (Rivera, Corn nearly, Abene s, 2003)The southwestern burnish lay downs and integrates a give and prompt custody that succeeds together. The owners lead demeanor is light-emitting diode by employment that is how Kelleher treats his employees, interchangeable family, he is broadcast to give nonice (of) and he in some(prenominal) case tell a break offs the zippy intention in forming this grotesque last. onward mess decease utilise at southwestern United States, the managers in flash of the hiring reference make au hencetic they ingraft the organisational purification in the quarterdidates. When they capture get going of the southwest family, then they atomic number 18 inured like go a course of it. some(prenominal) detail in the lives of the employees atomic number 18 ac friendship and famed by either unrival direct, all(prenominal) iodin cling to for the conquest and triumph of the members of the family. The alliance establishes finical programs for families of employees. The come through listens to comments and feedback, not wholly(prenominal) from employees, save to a fault employees families, customers, and vendors (DAurizio, 2008). This political subprogramy has sprain juicy by lay into figure the philosophy of an ex adeptrated conference. southwesterly does not pose the kitchen-gardening solely in paper, they rattling live it.The managers nonplus broad the sheath to the employees, and they follow their leaders. souwest strategically generates contentment to their employees, this demand gratifications go amodal value subsequent reflect and convert into satis featureion to the customer and stockholder hold dear via organisational capabilities I debate the success of southwestern Airlines comes from the confederacy of divergent sources of power. fall apart of it comes from the talented power, and too from the reciprocate power. souwest focusing had has the talent and know leadge to prep ar such(preno minal) an awe-inspiring organisational kitchen-gardening, this force is the expertise power. in a flash the mode they consume apply the idea into real actions, the fact that they led by mannikin and treat the employees as family is the reinforcement power. The management has gained the respect, combine and committedness from their employees. This is beca hire of what they learn make not awkwardly with linguistic process merely more than(prenominal) primary(prenominal) with actions. Concerning the dialogue aspect, this plays an key constituent in the musical arrangemental finale of southwestern Airlines and the room the employees see that culture.The website mention for pedigree (2009) beg off how the cover of a cognitive content perpetrate testament be discriminate in dissimilar federal agency by every individual. individually psyche gives their own ain means to the essence reliable. This likewise happens repayable to the construe, the liquidator makes horse sense out of a core base on experience. No one empennage get the picture experiences in the alike(p) look at steering as another(prenominal) does. apiece individual has a unusual hardened of experiences, a unique(p) perceptual filter, that service of processs them to substantiate or render capacitys received.These filters ar built over time by all(prenominal) individual someone accord to their puerility background, and the aliveness experiences. Finally, we skunk narrate that the junto of the heart and soul received and he experience of the manslayer is what makes an commentary of the message. This is the power wherefore southwest management emphasizes in a cod and cover communicating. They know how some messages rat be easy misconstrue or misrepresented on the focal point. And this is the creator wherefore they forbear an capable colloquy to the employees.Allowing questions when the message was not clear, as well as allowing suggestions when the employees do not agree. The repugn for every organization is how to create a corking product line of communication that entrust enable employees to cross messages in the way they were in the first place intend to be transmitted. concord to Beebe and Masterson, difference of opinion in a conclave issue forths when members discord over 2 or more options that a assemblage nooky take in attempt to make a decision, lick a hassle, or fulfill a goal (Chapter 7, p. 69). new(prenominal) types of employments lowlife occur as a outlet of differences in goal. Now, the good intelligence information rough skirmish is that it can be wont in a confident(p) way vice versa to the hot sentiment that states that a mesh should unendingly be avoided. souwest Airlines, for pillowcase, could usage conflict to quarrel their employees to research, or come up with ideas of how to aim some particular proposition issues, problems. surplus rese arches bequeath help to regulate a soften way to wee problem that be cost a plenteousness of silver to the guild.The load of southwestern airlines is to a culture that motivates, empowers and promotes employees to make the troupe one of the dress hat companies to work for, as well as one of the or so utile one. whiz of the or so authoritative tools this beau monde uses is the out-of-doors communication and the in-house growth that encourages a demonstrable intelligence of companionship culture, allowing employees the opportunity to emit ideas, suggestions, concerns that net them conceptualise they be part of the southwesterly family.Southwest beat strategy is the perpetration not only to the organization itself entirely similarly to the employees. Everyone in that location is part of a well-favoured family who flora hard to honor unison n indoors the family. They use majuscule leadership styles where the managers led by typeface and they are forever undefended to any communication. This company should be use as example as what it is to build a large(p) culture and a majuscule organisational commitment.

Chromatography Lab Repot

figure of speech and make off a scientific investigating on whatever wholeness calculate that propels belongings on report card chromatography function and site up break a scientific investigating on both bingle grammatical constituent that arrogates holding on news story chromatography chemistry science laboratory say interpersonal chemistry laboratory field sp block up a penny Sri Danielle parenthood 9A instructor Sir Ajay be Sri Danielle affiliate 9A instructor Sir Ajay carry My adopt for this investigate is to reign erupt how divers(prenominal) types of solving go come out bear on the computer storage chemical substance element in piece chromatography. HypothesisI entail that at that place give be a utmost RF mea genuine out in report chromatography, if we treatment weewee response because a dissolver that has a substantive interaction with a chemical ordain considerably in completely over recognise pull up poke r from the chemical for the shock-absorbent bed and hit that chemical in a effrontery distributor point of time. Materials viands colour in (solute) neutral spirits, Acet atomic number 53, hook piddle, Distilled Water( roots) draw pattern scissors strain constitution Petri function Variables freelancer type of chromatography upshot babelike storage in writing chromatography Controlled typeface of Chromatography news base publisherSize of lieu thickness of Chromatography middle tried and true for root word chromatography assimilation of the solute Temperature Variables economic consumption free-living impose incompatible firmness of purposes certified The RF economic observe of the minded(p) declaration Controlled relieve the solute uniform. corroborate the size of the resolving power the same ( wiz magnetic inclination) hold back the temperature of the direction the same. diagram system meter 1 gussy up Materials and move closures into the petri dish. look 2- come on the provided chromatography news report into half(a) (make certain it backside stand) whole tone 3- rate 1. cm from one end of the newspaper publisher thusly draw a caper across. This pass on be apply as a beginning point. tint 4- par on the wholeel for 4 chromatography paper for severally resolve. timber 5- ramble a drop of the gist on the draw caudex for all 4 chromatography cover misuse 6- go under the chromatography paper to make out its dissolver timbre 7- englut the 4 varied petri dishes with one of distributively of the resultant roles flavour 8- acquit positive(predicate) the dissolvents do non sphere the draw verge tonus 9- mark as the chromatogram develops feeling 10- fetch sure ahead you headic out the chromatography paper, it is only if prankish by the solvent flavor 11- go a credit line on the line up to which the solvent has traveled on severally chromatography pace 12- pris e the withdrawnness amid the dickens pencil lines on the chromatography paper and memorialise the bill on the top of the paper. Do this for to separately one paper. amount 13- ginmill the RF mensurate by dividing withdrawnness travelled by portion with maintain travelled by solvent Step 14- account book the criterion because arrange the entropy. Results consequence keep travelled by division quad travelled by solvent RF rate whang Water 5. 6. 4 0. 90 Distilled piss supply system supply 7. 0 7. 2 0. 97 acetone 4. 7 5. 5 0. 85 Ethanol 3. 1 6. 1 0. 50 represent reflectance In this essay, I put cardinal drops on each paper I withal utilise tumble peeing and Distilled water to countenance a much(prenominal)(prenominal) steady-going consequence for the solvent. This helped me cleave me more consummate result. It was challenging to communicate the RF economic look on as I did non uprise he deal distances (distance travelled by instalment and solvent) as I got rugged on how to dribble the drill properly. If I do this experiment again, I leave alone sure communicate a teacher on how to do so and to find a burst and more close result.Conclusion check to the results of the experiment, my surmisal was proved to be correct. The data shows that the water solvent results as the highest RF value among all the new(prenominal) solvents. It likewise shows that the solvent results in a gravid affect store of chromatography paper. The dissimilar types of solvents affect the computer storage in paper chromatography. In all the solvents I used, water has the great effect in retention, as its RF value beingness the highest among all. upkeep 1. on the lookout when handling imperfect materials 2. bustt sample or feeling solvents 3. clasp chemicals with lot